Account Management & Data Governance

Verified against the official Snowflake COF-C03 Exam Study Guide — follows guide sections 2.1-2.3.

• RBAC: privileges → roles → users (or role→role). Users never hold privileges directly.
• Securable object hierarchy: every object (warehouse, database, schema, table, etc.) is a securable, nested under its parent container; privileges can be granted at any level and inherited via role grants, not object nesting.
• Discretionary Access Control (DAC): the underlying model — each securable object has an owner (a role), and that owner decides who else gets access via grants. Contrast with mandatory access control (a central authority decides) — Snowflake is DAC, ownership-driven.
• Network Policies: IP allow/block lists (CIDR ranges), applied at either the account level or the user level. User-level network policies override the account-level one for that user — Snowflake's own guidance is to set user-level policies for service/programmatic accounts specifically, and an account-level policy as the catch-all default for everyone else. Activating or changing the account-level policy (ALTER ACCOUNT ... SET NETWORK_POLICY = ...) requires SECURITYADMIN or higher.
• Authentication: password, MFA (Duo-based), Federated Authentication / SSO (SAML2 with an external IdP), OAuth (Snowflake OAuth or external OAuth), key-pair authentication (common for service/programmatic accounts, no password).
• System-defined roles (broadest → narrowest): ORGADMIN → ACCOUNTADMIN (encompasses SYSADMIN + SECURITYADMIN) → SECURITYADMIN (users/roles/grants, inherits USERADMIN) → USERADMIN (users/roles only) → SYSADMIN (warehouses/DBs/most objects) → PUBLIC (implicit, everyone).
• Functional roles — three distinct kinds, don't conflate them:
  • Account roles: traditional roles, account-wide scope, hierarchical (what "roles" usually means unless stated otherwise).
  • Database roles: scoped to a single database, can be granted privileges on objects within that database only, and can in turn be granted to account roles — useful for packaging database-specific access that travels with the database (e.g. into a share or another account via replication).
  • Custom roles: any role you define beyond the system-defined set, typically named for a function (DATA_ENGINEER, ANALYST_READONLY) and granted up to SYSADMIN.
• Secondary roles: a session has exactly one primary role active, but can additionally activate secondary roles (USE SECONDARY ROLES ALL) so the session's effective privilege set is the union of primary + all secondary roles — useful when a user needs combined access from multiple roles in one session without switching.
• Account identifiers: an account can be referenced by its account locator (system- generated, region/cloud-specific, legacy) or by organization name + account name (the current recommended, human-readable, cloud/region-independent form) — know that the org.account form is preferred for connection strings, URLs, replication.
• Logging and tracing: Snowflake supports structured logging (log.info, etc.) and tracing (OpenTelemetry-style event/span data) emitted from handlers (stored procs, UDFs, Native Apps) into an event table, queryable like any other table — this is Snowflake's observability mechanism for code running inside the platform.

• Data masking: column-level security via masking policies (same column shows differently depending on querying role) and row-level security via row access policies (restricts which rows a role can see). Both are policy objects attached to columns/tables, evaluated at query time, no data duplication.
• Object tagging: key-value tags on almost any object (databases, schemas, tables, columns, warehouses, users, roles...) for classification/cost-attribution/governance.
  • CREATE TAG <name> ALLOWED_VALUES 'a', 'b', ... — optional enum-style constraint; verified hands-on that Snowflake genuinely rejects an out-of-list value at assignment time (ALTER TABLE ... MODIFY COLUMN ... SET TAG <tag> = '<value>'), not just a suggestion.
  • Discoverable programmatically via INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TAG_REFERENCES(...) / the ACCOUNT_USAGE.TAG_REFERENCES view — how a compliance process finds "every column tagged CONFIDENTIAL" without knowing in advance which tables have PII.
  • Tag-based masking — the real scale lever: ALTER TAG <tag> SET MASKING POLICY <policy> attaches a masking policy to the tag itself, not to any specific column. Verified hands-on: a column tagged after the fact inherited the masking behavior automatically, with the column's own masking-policy attachment never touched directly — classify once, governance rule applies everywhere that classification is used, including columns tagged later.
• Privacy policies: policy objects (e.g. aggregation policies, projection policies) that enforce privacy-preserving query patterns — for example, requiring queries against a sensitive table to return only aggregated results above a minimum group size, rather than row-level detail, regardless of how the query is written.
• Trust Center: a Snowsight security-posture dashboard — surfaces scanner findings and security risks/recommendations across the account in one place.
• Encryption key management: all data encrypted at rest/in transit by default on every edition; automatic key rotation; Tri-Secret Secure (Business Critical+) layers a customer-managed key on top of Snowflake's own key.
• Alerts: CREATE ALERT objects — a scheduled SQL condition check that fires an action (e.g. send a notification) when true, useful for data-quality or threshold monitoring.
• Notifications: Notification Integrations — configured channels (email, cloud messaging/webhooks) that alerts, tasks, or other Snowflake events can push to.
• Data replication and failover: replicate databases (or entire accounts) across regions/accounts for disaster recovery; failover promotes a secondary to primary. Edition gating is more specific than "Business Critical+ for all of it" (verified against current docs) — plain database/share replication (read-only copy, no promotion) is available on any edition via a replication group; it's specifically a failover group (which adds promote-to-primary capability) that requires Business Critical+ on both sides. Full mechanics/ consumer-facing implications are also covered under Domain 5.
• Data lineage: Snowsight automatically tracks and visualizes object-to-object dependencies (which tables/views feed which downstream objects) — no manual instrumentation required.

• Resource monitors: track credit usage against a quota for one or more warehouses; threshold actions in order of severity: Notify → Suspend (running queries finish, no new ones start) → Suspend Immediately (running queries killed too).
• Calculating virtual warehouse credit usage: credits = warehouse size's per-hour rate × hours run (billed per-second, 60s minimum per resume); multi-cluster warehouses multiply this by however many clusters were actually running, not just the max configured.
• ACCOUNT_USAGE schema: system database views (e.g. WAREHOUSE_METERING_HISTORY, QUERY_HISTORY, LOGIN_HISTORY) for historical account activity/cost analysis — note it has latency (data can lag up to ~2 hours to 3 days depending on the view) versus INFORMATION_SCHEMA, which is real-time but only covers a limited retention window.

• Can you explain the difference between an account role and a database role, and why you'd use a database role specifically?
• Can you explain what secondary roles let a session do that a single primary role can't?
• Can you name the two forms of account identifier and which is currently recommended?
• Can you distinguish a masking policy, a row access policy, and a privacy (aggregation) policy in one sentence each?
• Can you name the three resource-monitor threshold actions in severity order?